Which component of the cell is involved in protein synthesis?

Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis as they serve as the site where messenger RNA (mRNA) is translated into polypeptide chains, which then fold into functional proteins. During this process, ribosomes read the sequence of codons on the mRNA and facilitate the binding of transfer RNA (tRNA) that carries specific amino acids corresponding to each codon. This assembly of amino acids creates chains that eventually form proteins, crucial for numerous cellular functions and overall organism growth.

The nucleus does play an important role in protein synthesis by housing DNA and facilitating the production of mRNA through transcription; however, the actual synthesis of proteins occurs at the ribosomes. Mitochondria primarily function in energy production and the generation of ATP through cellular respiration, and centrioles are involved in cell division and the organization of microtubules, but neither directly participates in the synthesis of proteins. Thus, ribosomes are the core component directly responsible for the assembly of amino acids into proteins.