What type of circuit allows each device to operate independently?

In a parallel circuit, multiple devices or components are connected across the same voltage source, allowing each device to operate independently. This means that if one device fails or is turned off, the others can still function normally. For example, in a household electrical system, if one light bulb burns out in a parallel circuit, the other bulbs remain lit because they each have their own separate path to the power source.

By contrast, a series circuit connects devices in a single path, so if one device fails or is removed, the entire circuit is interrupted, and all devices stop functioning. Open and closed circuits refer to the state of a circuit rather than its configuration. An open circuit is one that is incomplete, preventing current from flowing, while a closed circuit allows current to flow uninterrupted. Therefore, the parallel arrangement is the only type that ensures independent operation of each device.